«— 

Z53 


NDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

In  use  at  The  Riverside  Press 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts 


SCHOOL 


GIFT   OF 
MICHAEL  REESE 


HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 


In  use  at  The  Riverside  Press 

1 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts 


BOSTON   AND   NEW  YORK 

HOUGHTON   MIFFLIN    COMPANY 

Cfee  ftfcetffte  prc#  CambnDrje 

1913 


LIBRARY 
SCHOOL 


COPYRIGHT,   1913,  BV  HOUGHTON  MIFFLIN  COMPANY 
ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


'  1   ' 
•  ( 


PREFACE 

Men  differ  so  radically  in  their  preferences  as  to  spelling,  punc- 
tuation,, capitalization,  and  other  typographical  matters,  that  it  is 
impracticable  to  frame  a  set  of  inflexible  rules  for  printing.  This 
Handbook  merely  sets  forth  the  general  custom  of  one  large 
printing-office,  —  a  custom  which  is  the  result  of  many  years  of 
widely  varying  experience.  While  all  the  rules  here  given  are 
believed  to  be  sound,  and  in  general  are  to  be  followed  exactly, 
many  of  them  are  not  considered  altogether  inviolable.  Much 
must  be  left  to  the  purpose  and  feeling  of  the  writer  whose  work  is 
being  printed,  and  the  application  of  rules  must  be  elastic  enough 
to  meet  all  cases.  The  printing  art  is  servant  to  the  author,  not 
his  master. 

Absolute  completeness  has  not  been  aimed  at;  the  dictionary 
has  not  been  displaced;  common-sense  and  good  judgment  must 
always  be  used  by  compositors  and  proof-readers.  It  is  hoped, 
however,  that  the  Handbook  will  prove  of  practical  use  in 
standardizing  work  and  preventing  misunderstandings. 

The  constant  aim  in  preparing  it  has  been  to  express  the 
traditions  and  customs  that  have  grown  up  at  The  Riverside 
Press  during  more  than  half  a  century  of  work.  On  many  points, 
however,  the  style  manuals  of  several  other  large  printing  offices 
have  been  consulted  (especially  those  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
Press,  the  Government  Printing  Office,  the  Plimpton  Press,  the 
Norwood  Press,  and  R.  R.  Donnelley  &  Sons  Company),  and 
grateful  acknowledgment  is  here  made  of  the  help  they  have 
afforded.  Particular  credit  should  be  given  to  the  very  thorough 
and  excellent  Manual  of  Style  published  by  the  University  of 
Chicago  Press. 

March  31,  1914. 


284532 


CONTENTS 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS  AND  EDITORS vii 

ABBREVIATIONS     ................  3 

CAPITALIZATION 8 

DIVISION  OF  WORDS 14 

THE  USE  OF  FIGURES  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     . .  ,     .     .     .  15 

FOOTNOTES 17 

ITALICS 19 

PUNCTUATION 21 

SPELLING \ 30 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  AUTHORS  AND 
EDITORS 

In  order  to  insure  accuracy  in  printing  and  to  avoid  unnecessary 
expense,  copy  should  be  made  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible  before 
it  is  sent  to  the  printer.  Changes  in  type  are  costly,  especially  so 
after  the  type  has  been  made  up  into  pages. 

The  paper  used  should  be  in  sheets  of  uniform  size  and  good 
quality,  neither  very  slippery  nor  very  shiny.  If  practicable, 
copy  should  be  typewritten.  When  it  is  written  by  hand,  erasures 
and  interlineations  should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible,  and 
special  care  should  be  used  to  make  all  proper  names  and  foreign 
words  unmistakable. 

Quotations  should  be  clearly  marked  and  verified,  and  in  all 
cases  of  considerable  length  and  importance  the  source  should  be 
given  fully  and  exactly. 

Footnotes  should  be  put  at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  or  separated 
from  the  text  by  lines  running  across  the  page  above  and  below 
each  note.  In  handwritten  manuscripts,  notes  may  be  written 
with  ink  of  a  different  color.  The  word  in  the  text  to  which  the  note 
belongs  should  be  marked  by  a  superior  figure  corresponding  to 
the  number  of  the  note. 

All  paragraphs  should  be  distinctly  indicated,  and  none  should 
be  left  in  the  copy  that  are  not  to  be  followed  in  printing. 

Unless  an  author  intends  to  leave  the  printer  free  to  follow  the 
style  of  the  office  in  regard  to  spelling,  punctuation,  and  capitali- 
zation (see  pp.  8,  21,  and  30  of  this  Handbook),  it  is  important 
that  he  should  prepare  the  copy  with  careful  consistency  and  in- 
form the  printer  of  his  preference. 

Every  book  MS.  should  contain  copy  for  a  title-page,  giving  at 
least  the  exact  title  of  the  book  and  the  author's  name  as  he 
wishes  it  to  appear,  with  any  desired  designation  of  his  official 
position.  There  should  also  be  a  table  of  Contents  (which  may  be 
subject  to  change),  and  a  memorandum  stating  whether  there  will 
be  a  Dedication,  a  Preface,  or  an  Introduction  (if  these  are  to  be 
furnished  later).  If  the  book  requires  an  Index,  the  author  should 
state  whether  he  intends  to  prepare  it  or  wishes  the  publisher  to 


viii  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

have  it  made,  the  cost  to  be  charged  to  the  author's  royalty 
account. 

Copy  should  be  written  on  only  one  side  of  the  paper,  and  the 
sheets  should  be  numbered  consecutively,  but  not  fastened 
together.  They  should  be  sent  to  the  publisher  or  the  printer 
flat;  never  rolled  or  folded.  When  it  is  necessary  to  attach  one 
piece  of  paper  to  another,  good  mucilage  should  be  used,  rather 
than  pins  or  clips. 

An  author  should  always  retain  one  copy  of  a  MS.,  and  not  run 
the  risk  of  absolute  loss  by  sending  away  his  only  copy;  but  he 
should  submit  to  the  publisher  the  original  of  a  typewritten  MS. 
and  not  the  carbon  copy,  as  the  latter  is  likely  to  be  less  legible 
and  harder  to  handle. 

When  pages  of  magazines  or  papers  are  used  for  book  copy, 
duplicates  of  each  page  should  be  supplied,  so  that  compositors 
will  not  have  to  use  both  sides  of  the  copy. 

If  possible,  the  author  should  make  all  necessary  corrections  in 
the  galley  proof,  where  changes  involve  the  least  labor  and 
expense.  Plate  corrections  should  be  made  only  when  of  the 
utmost  importance.  All  queries  made  by  the  proof-reader  should 
be  definitely  answered,  so  that  there  may  be  no  doubt  of  the 
author's  intention. 

Proofs  should  be  read  and  returned  promptly,  accompanied  by 
the  copy,  as  it  may  be  of  importance  for  the  proof-reader  to  refer 
to  this  in  connection  with  the  final  reading. 


HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 


HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 


ABBREVIATIONS 

In  General.  Abbreviations  as  a  rule  are  not  acceptable  in  the 
text  of  a  book,  though  they  may  be  employed  in  tabulated  state- 
ments, in  lists  of  names,  or  in  other  places  where  it  is  desirable 
to  save  space.  In  technical  matter  and  scientific  works,  abbrevia- 
tions are  of  course  desirable. 

Forms  of  Address.  The  following  abbreviations  are  to  be  used 
in  all  cases:  — 

Mr.  M.  Jr.  Esq. 

Mrs.  Mme.  Sr.  Rev. 

Messrs.  Mile.  Dr.  Hon. 

Do  not  set  the  Rev.,  the  Very  Rev.,  the  Right  Rev.,  or  the  Hon., 
the  Right  Hon.,  except  in  quoted  matter. 

Military  and  Naval  Titles  are  to  be  spelled  out  in  all  cases, 
except  in  tabular  work,  indexes,  etc.,  where  the  saving  of  space 
is  an  object;  so  with  Superintendent,  Professor. 

Proper  Names.  Christian  names  should  always  be  spelled 
out,  except  where  the  abbreviated  form  is  used  in  quoted  matter, 
or  in  original  signatures.  Note  that  Alex,  Ben,  Ed,  Fred,  and 
Sam  are  not  always  abbreviations.  Copy  should  always  be  fol- 
lowed as  regards  the  period.  In  tabular  or  other  matter,  where 
abbreviations  must  be  used,  the  folio  whig  forms  are  preferred:  — 
Benj.  Dan.  Geo.  Jos.  Thos. 

Chas.  Edw.  Jas.  Sam.  Wm. 

Do  not  separate  initials  before  a  name,  but  put  them  together 
either  at  the  end  of  one  line  or  at  the  beginning  of  the  next;  as, 
"J.  H.  |  Smith,"  not  "  J.  |  H.  Smith." 

In  English  or  American  family  names,  names  of  places  or  of 
church  buildings,  schools,  etc.,  abbreviate  St.  for  Saint;  but  where 
used  in  connection  with  French  proper  names,  spell  out  in  full;  as, 
St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  but  Sainte-Beuve,  Saint-Denis,  Saint- Jean. 

Finn  Names.  The  character  &  is  proper  in  the  exact  render- 
ing of  the  signature  or  the  authorized  business  name  of  a  firm 
or  corporation;  but  is  not  used  in  any  other  connection  except 
in  the  facsimile  reproduction  of  quoted  matter.  In  firm  names 
it  is  used  between  names  of  persons  or  with  Co.,  Bro.,  or  Bros. 


I 


HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 


Brother,  Brothers,  and  Company  are  abbreviated  only  when  fol- 
lowing &. 

Numerals  with  the  names  of  sovereigns  are  printed  in  roman 
capitals  without  a  period,  as  Edward  VII,  etc.  The  form  Edward 
the  Seventh  may  be  used,  but  not  Edward  the  Vllth. 

Spell  out  United  States,  except  in  quoted  matter,  or  in  such 
cases  as  General  Nelson  A.  Miles,  U.S.A.;  U.S.S.S.  Massachu- 
setts; or  in  footnote  references:  as,  U.S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 

Names  of  the  Months.    In  tabular  matter  and  side-notes  the 
names  of  the  months  may  be  abbreviated  as  follows:  — 
Jan.  Mar.  Aug.  Oct.  Dec. 

Feb.  Apr.  Sept.  Nov. 

May,  June,  and  July  are  not  abbreviated. 

Books  of  the  Bible.  References  to  the  Scriptures  should  be 
made  according  to  the  following  list:  — 

Old  Testament 

Gen.  2  Chron.  Dan. 

Exod.  Ezra  Hos. 

Lev.  Neh.  Joel 

Num.  Esther  Amos 

Deut.  Job  Obad. 

Joshua  Ps.  Jonah 

Judges  Prov.  Mic. 

Ruth  Eccles.  Nahum 

1  Sam.  Song  of  Sol.  Hab. 

2  Sam.  Isa.  Zeph. 

1  Kings  Jer.  Hag. 

2  Kings  Lam.  Zech. 
i  Chron.               Ezek.  Mai. 

New  Testament 

Matt.  Eph.  Heb. 

Mark  Phil.  Jas. 

Luke  Col.  i  Pet. 

John  i  Thess.  2  Pet. 

Acts  2  Thess.  i  John 

Rom.  i  Tim.  2  John 

1  Cor.  2  Tim.  3  John 

2  Cor.  Titus  Jude 
Gal.  Philem.  Rev. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


1  Esdras 

2  Esdras 
Tobit 
Judith 

Rest  of  Esther 


Apocrypha 

Wisd.  of  Sol. 
Ecclus. 
Baruch 

Song  of  Three 
Childr. 


Susanna 

Bel  and  Dragon 

Pr.  of  Manasses 

1  Mace. 

2  Mace. 


States  and  Territories.  In  ordinary  text,  spell  out;  as,  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  etc.  In  tabular  matter,  or  in  cases  where 
the  saving  of  space  is  necessary,  the  following  forms  are  to  be 
used,  —  without  space,  as  shown  here,  where  there  are  two  words 
in  the  name:  — 


Ala.  (Alabama) 

Ariz.  (Arizona) 

Ark.  (Arkansas) 

Cal.  (California) 

Colo.  (Colorado) 

Conn.  (Connecticut) 

Del.  (Delaware) 

D.C.  (District  of  Columbia) 

Fla.  (Florida) 

Ga.  (Georgia) 

H.I.  (Hawaiian  Islands) 

m.  (Illinois) 

Ind.  (Indiana) 

Ind.T.  (Indian  Territory) 

Kan.  (Kansas) 

Ky.  (Kentucky) 

La.  (Louisiana) 

Me.  (Maine) 

Md.  (Maryland) 

Mass.  (Massachusetts) 

Mich.  (Michigan) 

Minn.  (Minnesota) 

Miss.  (Mississippi) 

Mo.  (Missouri) 

Mont.  (Montana) 


Nebr.  (Nebraska) 
Nev.  (Nevada) 
N.H.  (New  Hampshire) 
N.J.  (New  Jersey) 
N.Mex.  (New  Mexico) 
N.Y.  (New  York) 
N.C.  (North  Carolina) 
N.Dak.  (North  Dakota), 
Okla.  (Oklahoma) 
Ore.  (Oregon) 
Pa.  (Pennsylvania) 
P.I.  (Philippine  Islands) 
P.R.  (Porto  Rico) 
R.I.  (Rhode  Island) 
S.C.  (South  Carolina) 
S.Dak.  (South  Dakota) 
Tenn.  (Tennessee) 
Tex.  (Texas) 
Vt.  (Vermont) 
Va.  (Virginia) 
Wash.  (Washington) 
W.Va.  (West  Virginia) 
Wis.  (Wisconsin) 
Wyo.  (Wyoming) 


Alaska,  Guam,  Hawaii,  Idaho,  Iowa,  Ohio,  Samoa,  and  Utah 
are  not  abbreviated. 


6  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

Do  not  abbreviate  Railroad  (or  Rail  way)  ^Mount,  or  Fort. 
Print:  Boston  &  Maine  Railroad;  Mount  Everest;  Fort  Warren. 

Points  of  the  Compass.  Abbreviate  compass  directions,  with 
period;  as,  E.,  W«,  N.,  S.;  and  use  capitals  close  up  for  com- 
pound terms,  as,  S.E.,  N.N.W.,  etc.  These  forms,  of  course,  are 
used  only  in  nautical  or  geographical  matter,  not  in  ordinary  text. 

Print  the  symbolic  letters  I  O  U  without  full  points. 

MS.  =  manuscript  (noun)  is  to  be  used  in  the  printing  of  bib- 
liographical details,  but  not  when  used  adjectively.  Print  the 
plural  form  MSS. 

Print  P.S.  for  postscript  or  postscriptum;  S.S.  for  steamship. 

Print  X-rays;  and  ME.  and  OE.  in  philological  works  for 
Middle  English  and  Old  English. 

Print  references  to  plays  as  follows:  — 
2  Henry  VI,  in,  ii,  14. 

Do  not  separate  abbreviations  like  A.M.,  e.g.,  i.e.,  A.D.,  M.D., 
Ph.D.,  LittD.,  etc. 

In  text  matter  where  a  number  of  subdivisions  are  made,  as, 
(i),  (2),  (a),  (b),  etc.,  do  not  end  a  line  with  the  divisional  mark, 
but  carry  it  over  with  the  matter  to  which  it  belongs. 

Time  and  Date.  Abbreviate  A.D.  and  B.C.,  A.M.  and  P.M.,  and  set 
in  small  caps  without  space  between  letters.  Where  roman  letters 
are  used,  in  text  or  footnotes,  to  express  dates,  use  small  caps. 

Signs  and  Symbols.  Algebraic  quantities  are  expressed  by 
italic  letters,  lower-case. 

Geometrical  diagrams  are  usually  lettered  in  italic  capitals, 
though  roman  capitals  are  sometimes  used.  Where  practicable, 
in  text  references  to  the  diagram,  the  style  of  letter  used  should 
match  that  used  in  the  diagram. 

Chemical  symbols  are  always  set  in  plain  roman  caps  and  lower- 
case. 

The  abbreviations  for  the  various  thermometers  and  hy- 
drometers are  set  in  roman  as  follows :  — 

F.  Fahrenheit         Cel.  Celsius        B.  Baume 

C.  Centigrade         R.  Reaumur      Twad.  Twaddell 

Metric  System.   The  abbreviations  for  the  metric  system  are 
set  in  roman  lower-case  without  space  between  letters:  — 
100  cc.  200  mm.  5 1.          2  kg. 

English  Money.  In  indicating  English  money,  use  the  forms 
£2  6s.  4<Z. ;  or  2/.  6s.  46.  Note  that  the  abbreviations  for  pounds, 


ABBREVIATIONS  7 

shillings,  pence  are  in  italics  and  are  set  close  to  the  figures,  with- 
out space. 

Note  that  $  and  £  are  set  close  to  the  number,  except  in 
mathematical  work,  when  they  are  separated  by  a  5-em  space. 

Sizes  of  books.  There  is  no  acceptable  abbreviation  for  folio. 
The  smaller  sizes  are  expressed  as 

4 to        8vo        1 2  mo        i6mo        24010,  etc. 

Number  is  abbreviated  when  preceding  a  serial  number;  as, 
No.  1836.  In  lines  consisting  of  capital  letters,  spell  out  Number. 

Always  use  the  form  etc.,  not  &c.,  except  in  quoted  matter 
where  instructions  have  been  given  to  follow  copy  exactly,  or 
where  a  reprint  is  to  be  made  reproducing  exactly  the  original. 

Latin  abbreviations.  Treat  these  as  indicated  in  the  following 
table:  — 

ad  loc.  Italic  op.  cit.  Italic  i.e.  Roman 

ca.  Italic  s.v.  Italic  inst.  Roman 

circa.  Italic  v.  Italic  per  cent.  Roman, 

et  seq.  Italic  vide.  Italic.  without  period 

ibid.  Italic  cf.  Roman  prox.  Roman 

idem.  Italic  e.g.  Roman  ult.  Roman 

loc.  cit.  Italic.  etc.  Roman  viz.  Roman 

At  the  beginning  of  a  footnote,  do  not  use  i.e.  or  e.g., 
but  spell  out:  "  That  is,"  or  "  For  example." 
Footnotes,  Bibliographies,  etc.   In  literary  references,  in  foot- 
notes, bibliographies,  indexes,  etc.,  the  following  forms  are  to 
be  used:  — 

vol.  i,  bk.  i,  part  n,  no.  2,  chap,  n,  art.  in,  sec.  4,  p.  5,  col.  6, 
vs.  7,  st.  8,  1.  9,  n.  6;  pp.  5-7;  pp.  5  f.;  pp.  5  ff.;  Fig.  4.  The 
plurals  of  the  above  forms  are  vols.,  bks.,  nos.,  chaps.,  arts.,  sees., 
pp.,  cols.,  vss.,  sts.,  11.,  nn.,  Figs. 


CAPITALIZATION 

Capitalize  — 

Proper  nouns  and  adjectives  derived  from  proper  nouns;  as, 
John,  Germany,  Victorian,  French. 

Words  of  common  usage,  originally  proper  names,  and  their 
derivatives,  in  whose  present,  generalized  acceptation  the  origin 
has  become  obscured,  and  generally  all  verbs  derived  from 
proper  names,  are  not  capitalized;  as,  Utopia,  china,  bohemian, 
Philistine,  titanic,  platonic,  quixotic,  bonanza,  morocco,  van- 
dal, procrustean,  macadamize,  christianize ;  also  adjectives  and 
verbs  derived  from  proper  names,  and  ending  with  ed,  ify,  ing, 
ize,  etc.,  such  as  anglicized,  frenchified,  romanized,  gallicized, 
etc. 

Epithets  used  as  substitutes  for  proper  names,  or  affixed  to 
names;  as,  the  Pretender,  Alexander  the  Great,  Richard  the 
Lion-hearted. 

The  preposition  preceding  proper  names  in  foreign  languages, 

such  as  van,  von,  de,  d',  da,  della,  di;  as,  Van  Rensselaer,  Von 

Marthas,  De  Thou,  D'Orsay,  Da  Ponte,  Delia  Crusca,  Di  Cesnola. 

Do  not  capitalize  these  prepositions  when  they  are  preceded 

by  a  forename,  except  in  the  case  of  Van;  as,  Charles  de  file, 

Cardinal  da  Ponte,  Marquis  de  Lafayette,  M.  de  Thou,  M. 

d'Orbigny,  Senor  de  Ysnaga,  etc.  Note  that  Van  is  always 

capitalized  in  Dutch  names,  and  that  von  is  never  capitalized 

in  German  names,  following  a  forename,  as  Stephen  Van 

Rensselaer,  Hugo  von  Martius.    The  usage,  however,  varies 

with  English  and  American  family  names  having  a  foreign 

origin.   For  example,  Thomas  De  Quincey,  Henry  van  Dyke 

(author). 

All  official  titles,  civil  and  military,  and  all  titles  of  nobility  or 
honor,  when  preceding  the  name;  as,  King  George,  President 
Wilson,  General  Miles,  Admiral  Evans,  Governor  Foss,  Secretary 
Bryan,  Sir  Edward  Grey,  the  Earl  of  Derby,  Bishop  Brooks,  Dea- 
con Smith;  the  titles  President,  King,  Emperor  (Kaiser),  Czar, 
Sultan,  and  Pope,  when  standing  alone,  if  they  refer  to  the  present 
rulers  or  incumbents;  distinctive  titles  attached  by  law  or  custom 
to  certain  offices  or  dignities,  used  without  the  name  of  the  person, 


CAPITALIZATION  9 

Capitalize — 

whether  in  direct  address  or  otherwise;  as  His  Majesty,  Her 
Grace,  His  Holiness,  Your  Excellency,  Your  Honor,  Your  Lord- 
ship ;  words  indicating  relationship,  when  used  with  the  name  of 
the  person  addressed  or  spoken  of;  as,  Father  William,  Mother 
Hubbard,  Brother  James,  Aunt  Mary,  Uncle  John. 

In  the  case  of  governmental  officers,  the  title  when  following 
the  name;  as,  William  H.  Taft,  President  of  the  United  States; 
George  V,  King  of  England;  Eugene  N.  Foss,  Governor  of 
Massachusetts. 

Titles  like  Ph.D.,  M.P.,  and  F.R.G.S.  (such  abbreviations  to  be 
set  without  space  between  the  letters). 

Adjectives  and  nouns  used,  singly  or  in  conjunction,  to  dis- 
tinguish definite  regions  or  parts  of  the  world;  as,  Old  World, 
Western  Hemisphere,  North  Pole,  Equator,  Bad  Lands,  Chero- 
kee Strip,  Continental  Divide,  the  North,  South,  East,  West, 
Middle  West,  Central  West,  Northwest,  Orient,  Occident,  the 
Continent  (continental  Europe). 

Sections  of  the  world,  as,  Circle,  Hemisphere,  and  Pole,  when 
preceded  by  a  name;  also  the  Antarctic,  the  Arctic,  Free  Zone, 
Frigid  Zone. 

The  following  terms,  singular  or  plural  forms,  when  immedi- 
ately following  a  name  or  when  part  of  a  name:  Aqueduct, 
Archipelago,  Bay,  Bayou,  Branch,  Building,  Butte,  Camp,  Canal, 
Canyon,  Cape,  County,  Crater,  Creek,  Dalles,  Desert,  Dome, 
Draw,  Falls,  Fork,  Fort,  Gap,  Glacier,  Gulch,  Harbor,  Head, 
Hill,  Hollow,  Island,  Isle,  Mesa,  Mount,  Mountain,  Narrows, 
Oasis,  Ocean,  Parish,  Park,  Pass,  Peak,  Plateau,  Point,  Port, 
Range,  Reservoir,  Ridge,  River,  Run,  Sea,  Shoal,  Spring,  Square, 
Strait,  Street,  Tunnel,  Valley,  Volcano. 

But  words  of  this  class,  when  simply  added  by  way  of 

description  to  the  specific  name,  without  forming  an  organic 

part  of  such  name,  are  not  capitalized;  as,  the  river  Charles, 

the  island  of  Cuba. 

The  following  terms  when  standing  alone  and  used  as  synonyms 
for  well-known  geographical  names;  also  when  used  as  adjectives: 
Canal  Zone  (Panama),  Delta  (of  the  Mississippi  or  the  Nile), 
Falls  (Niagara),  Gulf  (of  Mexico),  Isthmus  (of  Panama  or  Suez), 
Lakes  (Great  Lakes),  Sound  (Long  Island),  Peninsula  (Spain). 
(,  Generic  terms  for  political  divisions:  — 

(a)  When  the  term  is  an  organic  part  of  the  name;  as, 


io  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

Capitalize  — 

Holy  Roman  Empire,  German  Empire,  French  Republic,  Indian 
Territory,  Middlesex  County,  City  of  Mexico,  New  York  City,1 
Washington  City.1 

(b)  When,  with  the  preposition  of,  it  is  used  as  an  integral 
part  of  the  name,  or  to  indicate  certain  administrative  sub- 
divisions in  the  United  States;  as,  Empire  of  Russia,  Duchy  of 
Anhalt,  State  of  Massachusetts,  Borough  of  the  Bronx  (but 
the  boroughs  of  Greater  New  York). 

(c)  When  used  singly  as  the  accepted  designation  for  a  spe- 
cific division,  as,  the  Union,  the  States,  the  Republic,  the 
Dominion  (of  Canada). 

(d)  When  it  is  part  of  a  fanciful  or  popular  appellation  used 
as  if  it  were  a  real  geographical  name;  as,  Keystone  State, 
Garden  City,  Holy  Land,  etc. 

Titles  of  specific  charters,  treaties,  statutes,  etc.;  as,  Magna 
Charta,  Constitution  (of  the  United  States,  when  standing  alone 
or  referred  to  as  a  document),  Articles  of  Confederation,  Bill  of 
Rights,  Treaty  of  Paris,  Statute  of  Frauds,  Interstate  Commerce 
Act. 

Conventions,  congresses,  expositions,  etc. ;  as,  Council  of  Nice, 
Parliament  of  Religions,  Peace  Congress,  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition. 

Government  and  Administration,  used  as  nouns,  when  referring 
to  a  definite  group  of  officials  exercising  executive  or  administra- 
tive powers,  or  when  used  to  indicate  the  legislative,  executive, 
and  judicial  powers  taken  together;  the  word  State  or  States, 
when  used  as  a  noun,  referring  to  any  of  the  States  of  the  United 
States,  or  to  a  subdivision  of  any  foreign  country  having  the  title 
State;  but  state  and  government,  when  used  as  adjectives,  as  in 
state  election,  government  monopoly,  should  not  be  capitalized. 

The  names  of  all  governmental  departments  and  their  branches, 
and  of  all  legislative,  judicial,  and  administrative  bodies;  as,  the 
Executive,  the  Department  of  Justice,  the  Treasury  Department, 
the  Cabinet,  Congress,  Parliament,  the  Reichstag,  the  Corps 
Legislatif,  the  Senate,  the  House  (of  Representatives  or  Com- 
mons), the  Supreme  Court,  the  Court  of  Appeals,  the  Census 
Bureau,  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 

Synonyms  of  the  flag  of  a  nation;  as,  the  Stars  and  Stripes, 

1  The  word  "City"  is  capitalized  only  when  it  is  part  of  a  corporate  name. 
The  two  cases  here  given  are  exceptions.  • 


CAPITALIZATION  n 

Capitalize  — 

Star-Spangled  Banner,  Old  Glory,  the  Lilies  of  France,  the 

Union  Jack,  etc. 

The  names  of  political  parties,  religious  denominations  or  sects, 
and  philosophical,  literary,  and  artistic  schools,  and  their  adher- 
ents; as,  Republican,  Whig,  Mugwump,  Christian,  Catholic,  High 
Churchman,  Theosophist,  Pharisee,  Gentile,  Boxer,  Epicurean, 
Realist,  Impressionist. 

Do  not  capitalize  such  words  as  socialist,  abolitionist,  an- 
archist, etc.,  in  their  general  sense,  but  only  as  applied  to  a 

distinct  party  organization  or  sect. 

Political  alliances,  and  such  terms  from  secular  or  ecclesiastical 
history  as  have,  through  their  associations,  acquired  special  signi- 
ficance as  designations  for  parties,  classes,  movements,  etc.;  as, 
Protestant  League,  Holy  Alliance,  Dreibund,  the  Roses,  Round- 
heads, Cavaliers,  Papacy  (but  papal),  Independents,  Noncon- 
formists). 

The  official  titles  of  civil,  military,  social,  religious,  educa- 
tional, political,  commercial,  and  industrial  organizations  and 
institutions;  as,  Exchange  Club,  Associated  Press,  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  Ninth  Regiment,  Sixth  Corps,  Third  Battery  of 
Field  Artillery,  Knights  of  Pythias,  Knights  Templars,  Asso- 
ciated Charities,  Paris  Lyceum,  Young  People's  Society  of  Chris- 
tian Endeavor,  English  High  School,  Masons'  Union  No/27. 

Ordinals  used  to  designate  Egyptian  dynasties,  sessions  of 
Congress,  political  divisions,  etc. :  as,  Eighteenth  Dynasty,  Fifty- 
fourth  Congress,  Ninth  Congressional  District,  Second  Ward. 

Nouns  and  adjectives  used  to  designate  the  Supreme  Being  or 
Power,  or  any  member  of  the  Christian  Trinity  (except  in  extracts 
from  the  Bible) ;  as,  God,  Lord,  Creator,  Father,  the  Almighty, 
the  Infinite,  the  All- Wise,  Infinite  One,  Supreme  Being,  Most 
High,  Everlasting  Father,  etc.;  also  Heaven  and  Providence 
(when  they  are  synonymous  with  the  Deity,  but  not  otherwise), 
Saviour,  the  Messiah,  the  Anointed,  the  Son,  Son  of  Man,  Re- 
deemer, Holy  One,  Master,  Holy  Trinity,  Holy  Spirit,  Holy  Ghost, 
Virgin  Mary,  Holy  Virgin,  Mother  of  God. 

But  do  not  capitalize  such  expressions  and  derivatives  as : 

(God's)  fatherhood,  (Jesus')  sonship,  messianic  hope,  christo- 

logical  (but  Christology). 

The  pronouns  Thee,  Thou,  He,  Him,  referring  to  God  or  the 
Saviour,  except  in  extracts  from  the  Bible;  but  do  not  capitalize 
thine  and  his. 


12  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

Capitalize  — 

The  word  church  when  representing  organized  Christianity, 
or  when  part  of  the  name  of  a  sect,  congregation,  or  building; 
as,  Church  of  Rome,  Church  of  England,  High  Church,  Church 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  Fifth  Avenue  Baptist  Church,  First 
Methodist  Church. 

Names  for  the  Bible  and  other  sacred  books;  as,  Word  of 
God,  Scriptures,  Koran,  Gospel.  Also  versions  of  the  Bible;  as, 
King  James's  Version,  Revised  Version,  etc.  Books  and  divisions 
of  the  Bible  and  other  sacred  books;  as,  Old  and  New  Testament, 
Book  of  Job,  Beatitudes,  etc.  Biblical  parables;  as,  the  parable  of 
the  Prodigal  Son;  and  such  miscellaneous  terms  as  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments, Sermon  on  the  Mount,  Lord's  Supper,  Golden  Rule, 
etc.;  such  adjectives  as  Biblical,  Koranic,  Vedic,  etc. 

Do  not  capitalize  words  like  book,  gospel,  epistle,  psalm, 

in  such  connections  as  the  five  books  of  Moses,  the  first 

forty  psalms,  etc. 

Creeds  and  confessions  of  faith;  as,  Apostles'  Creed,  Nicene 
Creed,  Augsburg  Confession,  Thirty-nine  Articles. 

The  names  of  monastic  orders  and  their  members;  as,  Black 
Friars,  Trappists,  Jesuits. 

Names  applied  to  a  personal  being  supposed  to  be  the  incar- 
nation of  evil  (but  not  when  used  as  an  expletive  or  as  a  general 
name  for  any  demon);  as,  Devil,  Evil  One,  Old  Boy,  Satan, 
the  Fiend,  Archfiend,  etc. 

Geological  terms,  as,  Cretaceous,  Jurassic,  Miocene,  etc. 

The  scientific  (Latin  or  latinized)  names  of  classes,  orders, 
families,  and  genera.  In  the  names  of  species  and  subspecies, 
consisting  respectively  of  two  and  three  parts,  the  first  part 
(the  generic  name)  is  always  capitalized;  in  zoology  the  second 
and  third  parts  (the  specific  and  subspecific  names)  are  never 
capitalized  even  when  derived  from  a  proper  noun.  In  botany 
usage  varies  in  respect  to  specific  and  subspecific  names  which 
are  proper  nouns  or  proper  adjectives  or  taken  from  the  names 
of  genera,  and  copy  should  be  followed;  but  the  first  part  is 
always  capitalized,  and  the  others  usually  not.  Examples: 
Vertebrata,  Reptilia,  Felis  leo,  Falco  columbarus  richardsoni; 
Clematis  Virginiana;  Pinus  rigida. 

|K  In  astronomical  work,  the  names  of  the  bodies  of  our  solar  sys- 
tem (except  sun,  earth,  moon,  stars) ;  as,  the  Milky  Way,  the 
Great  Bear,  etc. 


CAPITALIZATION  13 

Capitalize  — 

Commonly  accepted  appellations  for  historical  epochs,  periods 
in  the  history  of  a  language  or  literature;  as,  Renaissance,  Mid- 
dle Ages,  The  Crusades,  Restoration,  Inquisition,  Commune. 

Names  for  important  events;  as,  Revolutionary  War,  the  Revo- 
lution, Mexican  War,  the  Rebellion,  Civil  War,  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War,  the  Creation,  the  Flood,  the  Fall,  Louisiana  Purchase. 

Civic  and  ecclesiastical  feast-days;  as,  Washington's  Birthday, 
Fourth  of  July  (the  Fourth),  Memorial  Day,  Easter,  Passover, 
Feast  of  Tabernacles,  New  Year's  Day,  Lord's  Day,  Founder's 
Day,  Commencement  Day,  Good  Friday,  Black  Friday  (a  famous 
day). 

Nature,  Fortune,  and  similar  words  when  personified. 

The  pronoun  I  and  the  interjection  O,  but  not  the  form  oh. 

The  first  word  of  direct  quotations;  as,  He  said,  "In  fine, 
nothing  is  said  now  that  has  not  been  said  before";  also,  of 
sentences,  not  direct  quotations,  but  written  in  that  form,  as, 
The  question  is,  Shall  the  bill  pass? 

Nouns  and  adjectives  only,  in  tables  of  contents,  headings,  etc. 

In  titles  of  books,  plays,  etc.,  as  a  rule,  nouns  and  adjectives 
only.  In  exceptional  cases,  such  as,  What  Will  He  Do  with  It, 
The  Men  Who  Made  the  Nation,  it  may  be  better  to  capitalize 
all  the  words  in  the  title  except  the  prepositions,  conjunctions, 
and  articles. 

In  citing  names  of  periodicals,  as,  the  Boston  Post,  the 

Springfield  Republican,  etc.,  the  article  the  is  not  to  be  in- 
cluded as  a  part  of  the  name. 

The  second  element  of  a  compound  word,  if  a  noun,  when 
the  first  element  is  capitalized;  otherwise  not.  When  a  title  is 
double,  and  its  component  parts  are  connected  by  a  hyphen, 
as  in  Major-General,  both  words  are  to  be  capitalized. 

The  names  and  epithets  of  peoples,  races,  and  tribes;  as,  Kafir, 
Hottentot,  Creole,  Caucasian,  Negro,  etc.,  but  gypsy,  quadroon, 
etc. 


DIVISION   OF   WORDS 

There  is  no  system  of  dividing  words  that  is  wholly  acceptable 
to  all  writers  and  printers.  The  general  rule  of  the  Riverside  Press 
is  to  follow  the  divisions  used  in  the  full-faced  type  in  the  Vocabu- 
lary of  the  latest  edition  of  Webster's  International  Dictionary; 
but  divisions  sanctioned  by  other  authorities  may  be  used  if  bad 
spacing  can  thus  be  prevented. 

Avoid  turning  over  a  final  syllable  of  only  two  letters,  except  in 
narrow  measure. 

Avoid  dividing  a  compound  word  except  between  its  component 
parts. 

Avoid  dividing  a  word  in  the  last  line  of  a  page. 

Avoid  divisions  in  more  than  three  successive  lines,  unless  very 
bad  spacing  would  result. 


THE  USE  OF  FIGURES 

Spell  out,  in  ordinary  reading  matter,  all  round  numbers  and 
numbers  of  less  than  three  digits,  unless  of  a  statistical  or  tech- 
nical character,  and  unless  occurring  in  groups  of  six  or  more, 
following  one  another  in  close  succession.  Treat  all  numbers  in 
connected  groups  alike:  if  the  largest  contains  three  or  more 
digits,  use  figures  for  all. 

Spell  out  words  to  express  ages;  as,  The  school  ages  are  from 
five  to  eighteen. 

Spell  out  numbers  of  centuries,  of  sessions  of  Congress,  of 
political  divisions,  of  streets,  avenues,  etc.,  and  references  to 
particular  decades,  unless  the  saving  of  space  is  essential;  as, 
eighteenth  century;  seventeenth-century  writers;  Second  Dy- 
nasty; Sixty-first  Congress,  First  Session;  Second  Congressional 
District;  Eighth  Ward;  Fifty-ninth  Street  and  Ninth  Avenue;  in 
the  early  eighties. 

Spell  out  numbers  of  army  corps,  divisions,  brigades;  use 
figures  for  regiments;  as,  Sixth  Corps,  First  Division,  Second 
Brigade,  4ist  Massachusetts,  2d  Cavalry,  ist  Battalion.  But 
where  only  an  isolated  reference  is  made  to  one  or  more  regi- 
ments, and  the  corps  or  divisions  are  not  mentioned,  the  spelled- 
out  form  is  proper;  as,  The  Seventh  New  York  Regiment;  the 
Twentieth  Ohio. 

Sums  of  money,  occurring  in  isolated  cases  in  ordinary  reading 
matter,  should  be  spelled  out;  as,  The  admission  was  two  dollars. 
Where  several  such  numbers  occur  close  together,  and  in  all 
matter  of  a  statistical  character,  use  figures;  as,  Admission:  Men, 
$2;  women,  Si;  children,  25  cents. 

The  time  of  day  is  best  spelled  out  when  it  occurs  in  ordinary 
reading  matter;  as,  at  four;  at  half-past  two  in  the  afternoon; 
at  seven  o'clock.  In  statistical  matter,  in  enumeration,  and  al- 
ways in  connection  with  A.M.  and  P.M.,  use  figures;  as,  at  4.15  P.M. 
(omit  "o'clock"  in  such  cases). 

All  numbers  that  begin  a  sentence  in  ordinary  reading  mat- 
ter should  be  spelled  out;  if  this  is  impracticable,  the  sentence 
itself  should  be  reconstructed. 


16  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

Figures  should  be  used  with  per  cent,  in  matter  of  a  statistical 
character,  but  not  in  other  cases.  Do  not  use  the  %  sign  in  any 
case. 

Figures  are  used  to  express  degrees  of  heat;  as,  71°  F.;  or  speci- 
fications of  gravity;  as,  The  specific  gravity  of  lead  is  11.352. 

Records  of  votes,  and  of  time  hi  a  race,  are  expressed  more 
clearly  in  figures;  as,  20  yeas  to  41  nays;  one  mile  in  2  minutes, 
23^  seconds. 

Numbers  containing  decimals  or  fractions  are  usually  put  in 
figures;  but  do  not  use  a  fraction  alone,  except  a  decimal.  For 
example,  145.1  cm.;  .1  cm.;  2^  yards;  but  not  ^  mile. 

In  dates  omit  d,  th,  and  st  after  figures;  as,  October  2,  1902; 
November  i,  December  4.  Use  the  forms  2d  of  November,  ist 
of  March,  4th  of  June,  etc.,  when  the  day  precedes  the  month. 

Where  numbers  are  spelled  out,  express  the  amount  by  hun- 
dreds rather  than  by  thousands;  i.e.,  twenty-eight  hundred  and 
sixty,  rather  than  two  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty. 

In  printing  connected  consecutive  numbers,  omit  the  hundreds 
from  the  second  number,  and  use  an  en  dash  between  the 
figures;  as,  1910-11;  230-33.  But,  of  course,  299-301.  Note  that 
in  indexes  and  footnotes,  the  citations  of  immediately  con- 
secutive pages  are  sometimes  to  be  printed  thus :  33,  34,  35 ; 
33>  34 5  and  sometimes  thus:  33-35;  33-34;  the  distinction  being 
that,  where  the  figures  are  connected  by  the  dash,  the  subject 
is  treated  continuously  on  the  pages  referred  to,  whereas  the 
disconnected  figures  show  that  the  subject  is  mentioned  on  each 
page  cited,  but  not  to  the  exclusion  of  other  subjects.  The  copy 
must  be  followed  strictly  in  such  cases. 

Use  commas  with  five  or  more  than  five  figures;  as,  10,579, 
I53)7oo;  but  2634.  This  rule  does  not  apply  to  tabular  work, 
where  in  any  column  there  are  more  than  four  figures.  In  such 
cases,  the  use  of  the  comma  with  the  larger  number  requires  its 
use  throughout  the  column. 

Numbered  paragraphs  or  sub-sections  should  begin:  (i)  (2) 
or  i.  2.  The  proper  space  after  these  is  an  en  quad  after  the 
period,  and  a  3-em  space  after  the  parenthesis. 


FOOTNOTES 

Footnotes  should  be  set  in  9  point  for  12  point  text;  in  8  point 
for  ii  and  10  point  text;  and  in  6  point  for  9  and  8  point  text. 

Reference  signs  are  no  longer  used,  but  the  general  practice 
is  to  use  superior  figures  in  both  text  and  notes.  In  special  cases 
the  asterisk,  dagger,  etc.,  or  superior  letters,  may  be  used.  The 
copy  is  to  be  followed  in  such  cases. 

Separate  the  reference  figure  in  a  note  from  the  first  letter 
by  a  3~em  space.  In  the  text,  if  the  figure  follows  a  period  or 
comma,  no  space  is  required;  otherwise,  separate  it  from  the 
character  preceding  by  a  5-em  space. 

If  notes  are  short,  and  the  measure  permits,  two  or  more  may 
be  put  in  one  line,  with  at  least  2  ems  between.  If  this  is  not 
practicable,  where  two  or  more  occur  on  the  same  page,  none 
of  which  is  a  full  line  in  length,  centre  the  longest  line,  and  align 
the  shorter  ones  with  it.  If  there  be  on  the  page  but  one  note  of 
a  single  short  line,  this  should  be  centred. 

If  in  the  text  there  are  extracts  in  the  same  or  nearly  the  same 
size  of  type  as  the  notes,  coming  at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  a 
full-width  single  rule  should  be  used  to  separate  the  notes  from 
the  extracts. 

In  wide  measure,  the  notes  may  be  set  to  advantage  in  half- 
measure,  with  blank  space  of  an  eight-point  em  between  the 
columns.  This  method  of  composition  frequently  saves  space, 
and  gives  a  more  compact  page,  when  the  notes  are  short.  When 
this  method  is  used,  the  half-measure  should  not  be  used  for  a 
single  note  unless  it  makes  at  least  two  full  lines. 

Where  references  to  the  same  work  follow  each  other  closely 
and  without  other  references  intervening,  use  ibid,  instead  of 
repeating  the  title.  The  full  reference  should,  however,  be  re- 
peated where  it  appears  as  the  first  note  on  a  succeeding  page; 
or,  if  the  title  is  long,  repeat  the  author's  name,  with  loc.  cit.  or 
op.  cit. 

Footnotes  to  tabular  work  should  be  set  in  6  point,  and  should 
invariably  be  placed  at  the  foot  of  the  table,  and  not  at  the  foot 
of  the  page,  if  text  type  intervenes. 


i8  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

The  following  are  examples  of  the  most  usual  method  of 
citing  authorities  in  footnotes  :  — 

1  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  vol.  n,  p.  204. 

2  Southern  Magazine,  vol.  xv,  p.  300. 

8  Herbert  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  chap,  ra,  p.  62. 

4  Ibid.,  chap.  iv. 

5  Grant,  loc.  cit. 

6  Gibbon,  The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  (Mil- 
man  ed.),  vol.  i,  chap.  xxix. 

7  Morris  Schaff,  "  The  Battle  of  the  Wilderness,"  Atlantic 
Monthly,  June,  1909. 


ITALICS 

Italicize  — 

Words  and  phrases  to  which  it  is  desired  to  lend  emphasis. 

Words  and  phrases  from  foreign  languages,  occurring  in  the 
text,  except  when  they  are  quoted,  or  form  part  of  a  conversa- 
tion. Do  not  italicize  foreign  words  of  everyday  occurrence. 
Words  in  the  following  list  need  not  be  italicized: — l 

aide-de-camp  doctrinaire  niche 

apropos  e*clat  papier  mach<§ 

attachd  elite  per  annum 

bas-relief  ennui  per  capita 

beau-ideal  entree  per  cent 

bric-a-brac  exposS  personnel 

caf£  facade  pro  and  con(tra) 

charge  d'affaires  facsimile  prote'gS 

chiaroscuro  fete  queue 

clientele  habitul  regime 

confrere  innuendo  rendezvous 

connoisseur  levee  resume* 

cortege  literati  reveille" 

coryphe'e  litterateur  role 

criterion  (-a)  massage  savant 

cul-de-sac  matine*e  sobriquet 

data  mele*e  soir6e 

debris  menu  tete-a-tete 

debut  motif  umlaut 

decollete*  naive  valet  de  chambre 

denouement  ne'e  via 

de"pftt  (=  depository)        negligee  vis-a-vis 

Titles  of  books,  pamphlets,  etc.,  in  prefaces,  introductions, 
footnotes,  and  end-notes,  and  in  Educational  Department  pub- 
lications, unless  otherwise  indicated,  in  both  text  and  foot- 
notes. Also  in  the  text  in  cases  where  the  copy  is  so  marked, 
and  special  instructions  have  been  given  to  follow  the  copy. 

Names  of  genera  and  species  in  zoological  and  botanical  mat- 
ter, and  names  of  stars  in  constellations  in  astronomical  matter. 
Medical  terms  are  not  italicized. 

The  words  See  and  See  also,  when  used  for  purposes  of  cross- 
reference  in  indexes. 

Letters  used  to  indicate  subdivisions;  as,  (a)  (b)  (c).  And  a, 
b,  cy  etc.,  affixed  to  figures;  as,  1140. 

Letters  used  in  algebraic  and  other  mathematical  work. 

1  See  also  the  list  of  Latin  abbreviations  on  page  7  supra. 


20  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

Italicize  — 

Letters  in  mottoes  to  illustrations,  or  in  the  text  referring  to 
corresponding  letters  in  accompanying  illustrations. 

References  to  particular  letters;  as  "the  letter  a";  "the  cock- 
ney dropping  of  the  h" 

The  word  continued  in  headlines  or  titles;  and  To  be  continued 
at  the  end  of  an  installment  of  a  serial  in  periodicals. 

The  words,  phrases,  and  abbreviations  used  in  literary  and 
legal  references,  and  in  indicating  English  money,  as  specified 
in  the  section  on  Abbreviations,  pages  6  and  7. 


PUNCTUATION 

In  the  following  pages  we  have  noted  the  preference  of  The 
Riverside  Press  in  matters  of  punctuation  that  come  up  fre- 
quently. Where  the  punctuation  of  a  manuscript  is  consistent, 
and  when  the  sense  of  the  text  is  not  affected,  the  punctuation 
should  not  be  changed. 

Unless  directions  to  the  contrary  are  given,  all  punctuation 
marks  should  be  printed  in  the  same  style  or  font  of  type  as  the 
word  or  letter  immediately  preceding  them.  In  italics,  where  an 
abbreviation  is  used,  with  a  semicolon,  colon,  exclamation,  or 
interrogation  point  immediately  following,  do  not  use  an  italic 
mark;  as,  Ibid.;  et  seq.\  where  quotes  follow  an  italic  word,  and 
the  punctuation  mark  properly  falls  outside  the  quotes,  do  not 
use  an  italic  mark. 

The  Period 

Use  after  abbreviations,  with  the  exception  of  chemical  symbols, 
the  format  of  books,  the  phrase  per  cent,  and  roman  numerals. 

Use  between  hours  and  minutes  in  time  indications,  and  for 
decimal  points:  8.30  P.M.;  18.5. 

Omit  after  running-heads,  centred  headlines,  cut-in  heads, 
and  box-heads  in  tables. 

Omit  in  title-page  and  other  display  matter  unless  especially 
directed  to  retain. 

Use  an  en  leader  instead  of  a  period  in  tabular  composition 
unless  the  thin  period  is  necessary  to  gain  space. 

The  period  is  always  placed  inside  quotation  marks;  and  inside 
parentheses  when  the  matter  inclosed  is  an  independent  sentence, 
otherwise  outside. 

The  Exclamation 
Is  used  — 

After  interjections  and  all  words,  phrases,  and  sentences  that 
express  great  surprise,  strong  emotion,  or  forcible  command,  i 
Generally  in  parentheses,  to  express  sarcasm,  or  contempt.  ^ 
Inside  the  quotation  marks  when  part  of  the  quotation;  other- 
wise outside. 


22  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

The  Interrogation 
Is  used  — 

After  every  sentence  or  expression  asking  a  direct  question. 
Inclosed  in  parentheses,  to  express  doubt  or  uncertainty. 
Inside  the  quotation  marks  when  it  is  a  part  of  the  quotation; 
otherwise  outside. 

The  Colon 
Is  used — 

Before  statements  or  specifications  introduced  by  a  general 
statement,  or  by  such  words  as  thus  or  as  follows. 

Before  a  long  and  formal  quotation. 

Before  a  series  of  details  in  apposition  with  some  general  term; 
as,  The  three  families  into  which  mankind  is  divided:  Cau- 
casian, Mongolian,  and  Negro. 

After  the  salutatory  phrase  at  the  beginning  of  a  letter,  if,  for 
special  reasons,  this  phrase  is  not  run  in.  The  usual  office  prac- 
tice is  to  run  such  salutatory  phrase  in,  with  a  comma  and  an  em 
dash,  the  body  of  the  letter  following. 

After  the  introductory  remark  of  a  speaker,  addressing  the  chair- 
man or  the  audience. 

Between  the  place  of  publication  and  the  publisher's  name  in 
literary  references;  as,  Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Company. 

Inside  the  quotation  marks  when  it  is  a  part  of  the  quotation; 
otherwise  outside. 

The  Semicolon 
Is  used  — 

In  a  compound  sentence,  between  clauses  that  are  not  joined 
by  a  conjunction;  as,  — 

"  The  army  was  made  up  of  various  elements,  —  more 

or  less  coordinate :  dismounted  cavalry,  called  the  '  horse 

infantry ' ;  zouaves,  in  their  picturesque  red  jackets  and 

baggy  trousers;  artillerymen;  and  a  few  troops  of  cavalry." 

Between  clauses  of  a  compound  sentence  that  form  a  series 

dependent  on  the  opening  words  of  the  sentence;  as, — 

"  I  shall  relate  how  the  settlement  was  .  .  .  defended 
against  foreign  and  domestic  enemies;  how,  under  that 
settlement,  the  authority  of  law  and  the  security  of  pro- 
perty .  .  .  never  before  known ;  how  our  country  .  .  .  rose 
to  the  place  of  umpire  .  .  .;  how  her  opulence  and  her 
martial  glory  grew  together." 


PUNCTUATION  23 

The  Semicolon  is  used — 

Between  clauses  of  a  compound  sentence  that  are  joined  by 
a  single  conjunction,  when  a  more  decided  pause  than  a  comma 
would  furnish  is  desirable;  as, — 

"They  found  it  a  barbarous  jargon;  they  fixed  it  in 
writing;  and  they  employed  it  in  legislation,  in  romance, 
and  in  poetry." 

To  separate  two  or  more  coordinate  members  of  a  sentence, 
when  those  members  have  commas  within  themselves. 

"  Soon  his  face  grew  black;  his  eyes,  strangely  altered,  turned 
in  his  head;  he  uttered  a  cry,  staggered,  and  fell." 

To  separate  two  members  of  a  sentence  when  a  comma  would 
not  make  the  relation  between  them  clear. 

"  They  had  established  the  Calvinistic  doctrine,  discipline,  and 
worship;  and  they  made  little  distinction  between  popery  and 
prelacy,  the  Mass  and  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer." 

To  separate  members  of  a  sentence  that  are  complex,  or  loosely 
connected,  or  that  contain  commas. 

"  The  defendant  filed  a  plea  of  justification,  alleging  that  the 
plaintiff  was  asking  for  election  to  a  public  office  of  responsibility; 
that  his  moral  character  was  of  such  a  nature  as  to  make  his  elec- 
tion a  great  injury  to  the  public,  and  that  the  public  good  required 
an  open  discussion  of  his  character,  and  also  of  his  ability  and 
integrity;  that  the  defendant,  in  criticizing  his  character,  was 
acting  within  his  rights,  so  long  as  he  did  not  pervert  or  grossly 
exaggerate  facts  or  accuse  the  plaintiff  falsely;  that,"  etc. 

Before  as,  namely,  thus,  and  similar  connectives,  when  these 
words  introduce  examples,  illustrations,  or  particulars. 

"  The  plaintiff  charges  that  the  defendant  has  failed  in  the 
performance  of  his  contract  in  these  particulars ;  namely : " 
"  Names  of  special  creeds  and  confessions  of  faith;  as,  Apostles ' 
Creed,  etc." 

Always  outside  quotation  marks. 

The  Comma 
Is  used  — 

To  separate  proper  names  belonging  to  different  individuals 
or  places;  as,  To  John,  Smith  was  always  kind. 

To  separate  two  numbers.  In  1911,  100  in  the  shade  was 
common  over  the  Northern  States  early  in  July. 


24  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

The  Comma  is  used — 

To  separate  a  direct  quotation,  maxim,  or  similar  expression, 
from  the  preceding  part  of  the  sentence.  .Grant  nobly  said,  "  Let 
us  have  peace." 

To  separate  month  and  year,  and  similar  time  divisions. 
November,  1910. 

Before  and,  or,  and  nor,  connecting  "the  last  two  links  in  a 
sequence  of  three  or  more.  Tom,  Dick,  and  Harry. 

Before  the  abbreviation  etc. 

Before  not,  introducing  an  antithetical  clause.  The  quarrel 
was  brought  on,  not  because  either  really  cared  much  about  the 
matter  in  dispute,  but  because  of  a  latent  antagonism  between 
them. 

Before  of,  in  connection  with  residence  or  position,  except  in 
cases  in  which  the  place  name  practically  has  become  a  part  of  the 
person's  name.  Mr.  Jones,  of  New  York;  Philip  of  Anjou. 

After  a  participial  clause,  especially  if  it  contains  an  explana- 
tion of  the  main  clause.  Being  very  tired,  John  'did  not  hear  him. 

After  here  and  there  and  now  and  then  when  they  introduce 
contrasted  clauses.  Here,  we  have  a  complete  and  rounded 
argument;  there,  a  loose,  badly  constructed,  unintelligent  view, 
badly  expressed. 

After  such  words  as  again,  now,  why,  and  the  like,  when  they 
introduce  a  sentence,  and  refer,  not  to  any  particular  word,  but 
to  the  whole  proposition. 

Before  and  after  parenthetical  clauses  not  inclosed  in  paren- 
theses. The  increase  of  wealth  and  the  extension  of  trade  pro- 
duced, together  with  immense  good,  some  evils  from  which 
poor  and  rude  societies  are  free. 

To  indicate  the  omission  of  a  word  or  words,  —  the  repetition 
of  which  is  not  essential  to  the  meaning,  —  unless  the  construc- 
tion is  smooth  enough  to  dispense  with  the  comma.  In  Massa- 
chusetts the  legislature  meets  annually;  in  Ohio,  once  in  two 
years. 

To  point  off  sums  consisting  of  five  figures  or  more.  In  tabular 
work,  where  the  figures  in  the  column  run  up  to  five  or  more,  use 
the  comma  with  four  figures  also.  The  comma  is  never  used  in 
piece  fractions. 

Followed  by  an  em  dash,  after  the  salutatory  phrase  at  the 
beginning  of  a  letter,  if  run  in  with  the  body  of  the  letter;  but  if 
for  special  reasons  the  phrase  is  not  run  in,  a  colon  and  an  em 
dash  should  be  used. 


PUNCTUATION  25 

The  Comma  is  used  — 

Between  chapter  and_verse  in  the  citation  of  Scripture  passages, 
using  Roman  numerals  (small  caps)  for  the  chapter.  Gen.  vra, 
16-18;  Luke  iv,  4;  Exod.  i,  22. 

Inside  the  quotation  marks,  always. 

Do  not  use  a  comma  where  and,  or,  and  nor  serve  to  connect 
the  links  in  a  brief  and  close-knit  phrase.  A  man  good  and  noble 
and  true.  I  do  not  remember  who  wrote  the  stanza  —  whether 
it  was  Shelley  or  Keats  or  Moore. 

Do  not  use  a  comma  before  a  parenthesis  or  bracket,  except  in 
quoted  matter. 

The  Apostrophe 
Is  used  — 

As  the  sign  of  the  possessive  case;  is  attached  to  nouns  only, 
and  never  to  the  pronouns,  his,  hers,  its,  ours,  or  theirs.  With 
nouns  in  the  singular  number  and  those  in  the  plural  not 
ending  in  s,  the  apostrophe  precedes  the  s;  as,  boy's  glove, 
men's  manners.  The  apostrophe  follows  the  s  with  plural  nouns 
ending  in  s;  as,  boys'  skates.  In  forming  the  possessive  case 
of  proper  nouns  in  the  singular  number  ending  in  s,  or  the  s 
sound,  add  the  's,  save  in  the  few  cases  where  the  additional  s 
makes  an  objectionable  hissing  sound;  as,  Moses'  law;  Jesus' 
death;  for  conscience'  sake;  Adams's  works;  Dickens's  sons. 
Use  the  apostrophe  only  in  the  ancient  proper  names  ending  in 
es;  as,  Ceres'  rites;  Xerxes'  fleet;  Aristides'  exile;  Thucydides' 
History. 

To  show  the  omission  of  figures  in  dates;  as,  the  gold-seekers  of 
'49;  the  boys  of  '61. 

To  mark  the  omission  of  a  letter  or  letters  in  the  contraction 
of  a  word.  Use  a  5-em  space  in  such  forms  as  it 's,  't  is,  't  was, 
't  will,  't  would,  he  '11,  I  'd,  you  'd,  etc. ;  but  use  no  space  where 
the  apostrophe  stands  for  the  omission  of  a  letter  in  the  middle 
of  a  word,  as,  ain't,  can't,  don't,  shan't,  won't. 

In  such  phrases  as,  Cross  your  t's;  dot  your  i's. 

The  Dash 

Use  an  em  dash  with  a  colon  or  a  comma,  where  quoted 
matter  following  begins  a  new  paragraph,  but  not  where  the 
matter  is  run  in. 


26  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

The  Dash 

Two  dashes  are  frequently  used  as  equivalent  to  parentheses; 
the  author's  choice  should  be  consulted. 

In  connecting  consecutive  numbers,  omit  the  hundreds  from 
the  second  number;  if  the  next  to  the  last  figure  in  the  first 
number  is  a  cipher,  repeat  this  in  the  second  number.  Use  an 
en  dash.  For  example,  pp.  224-29;  1904-09. 

Use  an  en  dash  as  a  hyphen  in  a  line  consisting  of  capitals. 

Set  the  em  dash  off  from  the  text  with  5-em  spaces.  No  spaces 
are  used  with  an  en  dash. 

Use  an  em  dash  where  a  sentence  is  interrupted  or  ends 
apruptly. 

Use  a  2-em  dash  to  indicate  the  omission  of  the  whole  or  a 
part  of  a  word  or  name  which  it  is  not  desired  to  print  in  full. 

Quotation  Marks 

Double  quotation  marks  are  used  for  primary  quotation;  for 
a  quotation  within  a  quotation,  single;  going  back  to  double 
for  the  third,  to  single  for  the  fourth,  etc.  The  marks  should  be 
separated  by  a  thin  space  from  the  adjacent  letters  or  marks 
of  punctuation.  No  space  is  needed,  however,  between  a  comma 
or  period  and  the  apostrophes  closing  the  quotation. 

Quote  — 

A  word  or  phrase  accompanied  by  its  definition;  as,  "  Drop- 
folio  "  means  a  page  number  at  the  foot  of  a  page. 

An  unusual,  technical,  or  ironical  word  or  phrase  in  the  text, 
whether  or  not  accompanied  by  a  word  like  so-called,  directing 
attention  to  it. 

A  word  or  phrase  to  which  attention  is  particularly  directed; 
as,  The  words  "  liberty  "  and  "  freedom  "  and  "  the  people  " 
fall  glibly  from  the  lips  of  the  demagogue. 

Titles  of  publications  —  books,  plays,  poems,  pamphlets,  and 
periodicals  —  mentioned  in  the  text.  In  titles  of  periodicals,  do 
not  treat  "  the  "  as  part  of  the  name  —  print,  "  The  following 
item  is  from  the  *  Boston  Herald  '  of  July  10  ";  "  The  last  num- 
ber of  the  c  Atlantic  Monthly.'  "  Do  not  quote  names  of  books  of 
the  Bible.  See  sections  on  Italics  and  Footnotes. 

Cited  titles  of  subdivisions,  e.g.,  parts,  books,  chapters,  etc., 
of  publications.  Titles  of  articles,  lectures,  sermons,  etc. 


PUNCTUATION  27 

Print  names  of  all  kinds  of  boats  or  ships,  and  titles  of  paint- 
ings and  of  sculpture,  in  plain  roman  type  without  quotes. 

Poetical  Extracts.  The  quotation  marks  should  be  ranged 
outside  the  capitals  where  the  width  of  the  page  will  allow  it 
without  turning  over  lines.  In  quoting  poetical  extracts  of  more 
than  one  stanza,  the  opening  quotation  marks  should  be  used  at 
the  beginning  of  each  stanza,  the  closing  marks  only  at  the  end 
of  the  extract. 

In  sentences  terminating  in  the  close  of  a  quotation  and  an 
exclamation  point  or  an  interrogation  point,  do  not  quote  the 
punctuation  mark  unless  it  is  part  of  the  quotation:  — 

How  absurd  to  call  this  stripling  a  "  man  " ! 
But 

He  cried  out,  "  Wake  up!  something  is  going  wrong! " 

Can  we  by  any  mistake  call  him  a  "  man  "? 
But 

One  is  crazed  by  his  "  Now,  then,  where  am  I  to  go?  " 

Quotation  marks  should  always  include  ellipses;  also  etc., 
when  it  otherwise  would  not  be  clear  that  etc.  stands  for  an 
omitted  part  of  the  matter  quoted. 

Do  not  quote  prose  extracts  set  in  a  smaller  type  than  the 
text  or  in  italics. 

Do  not  quote  complete  letters,  having  the  date,  address,  and 
signature,  unless  especially  directed. 

Do  not  use  quotation  marks,  or  an  apostrophe  to  show  a  con- 
tracted form,  before  a  display  initial  letter  at  the  beginning  of  a 
chapter. 

Parentheses 

Inclose  in  parentheses  figures  or  letters  used  to  mark  divisions 
of  a  subject  discussed  in  the  text. 

In  text  matter,  if,  following  a  direct  quotation,  the  reference 
is  given  to  the  author,  title  of  work,  or  both,  inclose  in  paren- 
theses. If  the  quotation  is  but  a  single  sentence  or  phrase,  join 
the  parenthetical  credit  closely  without  other  mark  of  punctua- 
tion; if  the  quotation  consists  of  two  or  more  sentences,  punctua- 
tion mark  should  end  the  quotation.  In  the  latter  case,  a  period 
should  follow  the  credit  given  to  the  source  of  the  quotation 
inside  the  closing  parenthesis.  For  example :  — 

"  Birmingham  had  not  been  thought  of  sufficient  importance 


28  HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 

to  send  a  member  to  Oliver's  Parliament"  (Macaulay,  "History 
of  England,"  vol.  i,  p.  267).  "  Yet  the  manufacturers  of  Birming- 
ham were  already  a  busy  and  thriving  race.  They  boasted  that 
their  hardware  was  highly  esteemed,  not  indeed,  as  now,  at 
Pekin  and  Lima,  at  Bokhara  and  Timbuctoo,  but  in  London, 
and  even  as  far  off  as  Ireland.  They  had  acquired  a  less  honor- 
able renown  as  coiners  of  bad  money."  (Macaulay,  "  History  of 
England,"  vol.  I,  p.  267.) 

A  better  practice  is  to  give  the  credit  as  a  footnote  in  such 
cases,  and  this  is  much  more  usual. 

In  direct  quotations  do  not  use  parentheses  to  indicate  matter 
interpolated  by  the  editor,  for  explanatory  or  other  purposes; 
brackets  should  be  used  always  for  such  purposes. 

Quotation  marks  should  be  included  inside  parentheses  unless 
the  parentheses  are  a  part  of  the  quotation. 

Brackets 

Inclose  in  brackets  an  explanation  or  note  to  indicate  an 
interpolation  in  a  quotation,  to  rectify  a  mistake,  to  supply 
an  omission,  and  for  parentheses  within  parenthetical  matter. 

Use  brackets  with  such  expressions  as  "To  be  continued," 
at  the  end,  and  "Continued"  or  "Continued  from,"  at  the 
beginning,  of  articles,  chapters,  etc. 

Ellipses  Marks 
Are  used — 

To  indicate  the  omission  of  one  or  more  words. 

To  show  ellipsis,  use  three  periods  separated  by  en  quads. 
If  the  sentence  ends  with  a  period  do  not  include  this  in  the 
three  points  of  the  ellipsis.  Where  a  whole  paragraph  or  para- 
graphs, or  in  poetry  a  complete  line  or  lines,  are  omitted, 
insert  a  full  line  of  periods  separated  by  2-em  quads.  An  ellipsis 
should  be  treated  as  a  part  of  a  quotation,  and  consequently 
should  be  inclosed  in  the  quotation  marks. 

The  Hyphen 

Compound  adjectives  generally  take  the  hyphen;  as,  a  twelve- 
inch  main,  asked-f or  opinion,  sea-island  cotton,  etc. 
Use  the  hyphen  where  a  present  or  past  participle  is  com- 


PUNCTUATION  29 

bined  with  a  noun  or  an  adjective;  as,  soul-killing  witches,  sap- 
consuming  winter. 

Use  the  hyphen  where  above,  ill,  so,  or  well  is  joined  with 
a  participial  adjective  to  form  an  epithet  preceding  a  noun;  as, 
above-mentioned  book,  well-dealing  countryman;  but,  the  book 
above  mentioned. 

Adverbs  ending  in  -ly  are  not  compounded  with  adjectives 

which  they  qualify;  as,  a  nicely  kept  lawn. 

When  used  adjectively,  the  expressions  first-class,  second- 
class,  etc.,  are  printed  with  the  hyphen;  as,  a  first-class  passage ; 
but,  a  man  of  the  first  class. 

Use  a  hyphen  when  a  present  participle  is  united  (i)  with  a 
noun,  forming  a  new  noun  with  a  meaning  different  from  that 
conveyed  by  the  two  words,  taken  separately;  (2)  with  a  pre- 
position used  absolutely,  to  form  a  noun:  boarding-house, 
dining-room,  sleeping-car,  dwelling-place,  stumbling-block; 
the  bringing-on  or  the  putting-off  of  difficulties. 

In  all  cases  not  covered  by  the  above  rules  the  use  of  the 
hyphen  is  to  be  governed  by  the  International  Dictionary. 


SPELLING 

Unless  other  instructions  are  given,  follow  Webster's  Interna- 
tional Dictionary.  When  that  dictionary  recognizes  two  forms, 
use  the  form  given  in  the  list  below.  If  copy  is  prepared  con- 
sistently, however,  do  not  change  the  author's  spelling. 


abatis 

councilor 

good-bye 

pendant  (adj.) 

accouter,  -ed,  -ing 

counseled,  -ing 

graveled,  -ing 

pendent  (n.) 

aedile 

counselor 

gray 

pickaxe 

aeon 

cozy 

guerrilla 

plough  (n.  and  v.) 

aesthete 

crenelated 

guild 

postilion 

aesthetic 

curtsy 

gypsy 

practice  (n.  and  v.) 

sestival 

cyclopaedia 

haemal 

pretense 

aetiology 

debonair 

haematic 

programme 

aluminum 

defense 

haematite 

pygmy 

ambassador 

delf 

haemoglobin 

quartette 

amphitheater 

demarcation 

hallelujah 

quintette 

anaemia 

diaeresis 

hemorrhage 

reconnoiter,  -ed, 

anaemic 

diarrhoea 

Hindu 

-ing 

anaesthesia 

dike 

Hindustani 

reinforce 

anaesthetic 

dinghy 

homoeopathy 

remould 

aposteme 

disk 

inclose 

reverie 

archaeology 

dispatch 

inclosure 

rhyme 

asafoetida 

distill 

indorse 

saber,  -ed,  -ing 

ascendant,  -ance 

dominoes 

indorsement 

saltpeter 

astrakhan 

draft 

indorser 

savior 

axe 

droshky 

install,  -ment 

Saviour 

aye  (yes) 

drought 

insure 

scepter 

bandannas 

dueling,  -ist 

kidnaped  -er,  -ing 

scimitar 

baritone 

dullness 

knickknacks 

sepulcher 

Bastille 

eerie 

libeled,  -Lag,  -ous 

sextette 

bazaar 

embroil 

litre 

shyly 

behoove 

ensnare 

luster 

skeptic 

biased 

enthrall,  -ment 

maneuver 

skillful 

biasing 

entrust 

maneuvered 

slyly 

blond  (masc.) 

epaulet,  -ed 

maneuverer 

smoulder 

blonde  (fern.) 

escallop 

maneuvering 

somber 

bogey 

faecal 

marveled,  -ing, 

specter 

boulder 

faeces 

-ous 

spoony 

burgeon 

fetish 

maugre 

squirearchy 

caliber 

fiber 

meager 

stadholder 

calk 

flunky 

mediaeval 

stanch 

canceled,  -ing 
cancellation 

focused,  -ing 
foeticide 

metre 

millionaire 

syrup 
theater 

cantilever 

foetus 

miter 

tranquilize 

caravansary 

fogy 

moult 

transship 

cartouche 

foregather 

mould 

traveler,  -ed,  -ing 

caviled,  -ing 

frizz 

mustache 

wainscoted,  -ing 

center 

frowzy 

naught 

whiskey 

chicory 

fulfill,  -ment 

niter 

whizz 

clerestory 

fullness 

ocher 

whopper 

clue 

gauge 

offense 

willful 

cceliac 

gayety 

orthopaedic 

woeful 

coolie 

gayly 

partisan 

woolen 

cotillion 

glycerine 

peddler 

worshiper,  -ed,-ing 

SPELLING 


SPELL  WITH  -ise 

advertise 

disfranchise 

incise 

advise 

disguise 

manuprise 

affranchise 

emprise 

merchandise 

apprise 

enfranchise 

promise 

chastise 

enterprise 

premise 

circumcise 

excise 

reprise 

comprise 

exercise 

revise 

compromise 

exorcise 

supervise 

demise 

franchise 

surmise 

despise 

improvise 

surprise 

devise 

^   - 

SPELL  WITH  -ize  OR  -yze 

aggrandize 

fertilize 

polarize 

agonize 

fossilize 

professionalize 

analyze 

fraternize 

protestantize 

anatomize 

galvanize 

pulverize 

anglicize 

generalize 

realize 

apologize 

gormandize 

recognize 

apostrophize 

harmonize 

reorganize 

appetizing 

hellenize 

revolutionize 

authorize 

immortalize 

satirize 

baptize 

italicize 

scandalize 

brutalize 

jeopardize 

scrutinize 

canonize 

legalize 

signalize 

catechize 

liberalize 

solemnize 

catholicize 
cauterize 

localize 
magnetize 

soliloquize 
specialize 

centralize 

memorialize 

spiritualize 

characterize 

mesmerize 

standardize 

christianize 
civilize 

metamorphize 
methodize 

stigmatize 
subsidize 

classicize 

minimize 

summarize 

colonize 

modernize 

syllogize 

criticize 
crystallize 

monopolize 
moralize 

symbolize 
sympathize 

demoralize 

nationalize 

tantalize 

deputize 

naturalize 

temporize 

dogmatize 

neutralize 

tranquillize 

economize 

organize 

tyrannize 

emphasize 

ostracize 

utilize 

energize 

oxidize 

vaporize  T 

epitomize 

paralyze 

visualize 

equalize 

particularize 

vitalize 

eulogize 

pasteurize 

vocalize 

evangelize 

patronize 

vulcanize 

extemporize 

philosophize 

vulgarize 

familiarize 

plagiarize 

Nouns  ending  in  o  form  the  plural  by  adding  s  if  the  singular 
ends  in  o  preceded  by  a  vowel;  e.g.,  bamboo,  bamboos;  cameo, 
cameos;  embryo,  embryos;  if  the  singular  ending  is  in  o  pre- 
ceded by  a  consonant,  by  adding  es;  e.g.,  buffalo,  buffaloes; 
desperado,  desperadoes;  echo,  echoes;  hero,  heroes;  motto, 
mottoes;  potato,  potatoes. 


HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 


The  following  nouns  are  exceptional,  and  form  the  plural  by 
simply  adding  s :  — 


albino  duodecimo 

canto  halo 

cento  lasso 

domino  (when      memento 
not  the  game)  octavo 


piano 

proviso 

quarto 

salvo 

sirocco 


solo 
stiletto 
torso 
tyro 


When  the  prefixes  "  co-,"  "  re-,"  "  pre-,"  are  followed  by  the  same 
vowel,  use  the  diaeresis-marked  vowel  for  the  second  one,  with- 
out the  hyphen;  as,  " coordinate,"  " reelection,"  "preeminent." 
If  the  prefix  comes  at  the  end  of  a  line,  with  the  hyphen,  the 
diaeresis  is  not  to  be  used.  The  diaeresis  is  not  to  be  used  in 
words  beginning  with  "aer";  as,  aeroplane,  aery,  aerial,  etc. 

Before  sounded  h,  long  «,  and  the  word  "one,"  use  a  as  the 
form  of  the  indefinite  article;  as,  a  hotel,  a  history,  a  union, 
such  a  one. 

Use  the  dipthong  ae  and  oe  in  Latin  quotations  and  in  quota- 
tions from  Old  English  or  French. 

In  vocative  forms  of  address,  use  "0"  (capitalized),  without 
a  comma  following;  for  an  exclamation,  use  "oh,"  followed  by  a 
comma,  but  capitalized  only  at  beginning  of  sentences. 


Worcester  Spellings 

In  this  list  will  be  found  the  preferred  Worcester  spellings, 
not  adopted  by  the  Riverside  Press,  where  they  differ  from  the 
International  Dictionary. 


accoutre 

enamour 

lodgement 

sabre 

amphitheatre 

enclose 

lustre 

saltpetre 

apparelled 

enrolment 

manoeuvre   " 

sceptre 

ay  (yes) 
biassed,  -sing 

equalled,  -ling 
fetich 

marvellous 
meagre 

sceptic 
sepulchre 

calibre 
carolled 

fibre 
focussed,  -sing 

xnillionnaire 
mitre 

Shakespearian 
shrivelled,  -ling 

centre 

frescos 

modelled,  -ling 

skilful 

chiccory 

fulfil 

nitre 

sombre 

cimeter 

fulness 

ochre 

spectre 

cosey,  cosily 

gaol 

offence 

sulphuretted 

councillor 

gramme 

pacha 

theatre 

counsellor 

grottos 

pedler 

travelled,  -ler 

crenellated 

guerilla 

porticos 

vice  (a  tool) 

defence 

imperilled,  -ling 

practise  (v.) 

villanous,  -y 

despatch 

instalment 

pretence 

wilful 

dishevelled 

instil 

quarrelled,  -ling 

woful 

distil 

jewellery 

reconnoitre 

woollen 

dominos  (a  game) 
dulness 

kidnapped 
libelled,  -lous 

revery 
rivalled,  -ling 

worshipped,  -per 

SPELLING 


33 


English  Spellings 

In  the  English  style  of  spelling,  many  words  which,  in  American 
usage,  end  in  or,  end  in  our.  Words  thus  ending  in  our  are:  — 


arbour 

ardour 

armour 

behaviour 

candour 

clamour 

clangour 

colour 

demeanour 


discolour 

dolour 

endeavour 

favour 

fervour 

flavour 

harbour 

honour 

humour 


in  vigour 

labour 

misbehaviour 

misdemeanour 

neighbour 

odour 

parlour 

rancour 

rigour 


rumour 

savour 

splendour 

succour 

tabour 

tumour 

valour 

vapour 

vigour 


Under  instructions  to  "use  English  spelling,"   the  above 
forms  are  to  be  used;  also  the  following:  — 

cheque  (on  a         dreamt  grey  premiss  (in 

bank)                    faggot  inflexion  logic) 

chequered               forgather  jewellery  waggon 

connexion  forgo  leapt 


Proper  Names. 

Correct  spellings  are  here  given.  Where  two  or  more  forms  of 
the  same  name  are  given,  it  is  to  be  understood  that  each  is 
equally  correct,  and  the  copy  form  is  to  be  followed. 


a  Becket  (Thomas) 

a  Beckett  (A.  W.  and  G.  A.) 

Acadia  (Nova  Scotia) 

Adeler  (Mary) 

Adler  (Rabbi) 

Air  (Point  of),  N.  Wales 

Allan-a-Dale 

Allan  Poe  (Edgar) 

Allegany  County  (Md.) 

Alleghany  Mountains 

Allegheny  City  and  River 

All  Souls  College  (Oxford) 

Alma  Tadema  (Lawrence) 

Alma  Tadema  (Miss  Laurence) 

Andersen  (Hans  C.) 

Apennines 

Appalachians 

Arcadia  (poetic) 

Austen  (Jane,  English  novelist) 

Austin  (Jane  G.,  American  novelist) 

Ayre  (Point  of),  Isle  of  Man 

Bastille 

Baylis  (T.  H.,  writer) 

Bayliss  (Sir  Wyke,  painter) 

Berthallet  (C.  L.,  chemist) 

Berthelot  (P.  E.  M.,  chemist) 

Beverley  (Eng.) 

Beverly  (Mass.) 


Biglow  Papers 
Bischof  (K.  Ct) 
Bischoff  (T.  L.  W.) 
Bjornson  (Bjbrnstjerne) 
Bonheur  (Rosa) 
Britannia 
Brittany 
Brobdingnag 
Brookline  (Mass.) 
Brooklyn  (N.  Y.) 
Brooks  (Phillips) 
Burdette  (Robert  J.) 
Carey  (Matthew) 
Caribbean  Sea 
Caribbees 
Cariboo  (B  C.) 
Caribou  (Idaho) 
Carlisle  (J.  G.)  5 
Carlyle  (Thomas) 
Carnegie  Institution 
Cary  (Phoebe) 
Charleston  (S.  C.) 
Charlestown  (Mass.) 
Chile  or  Chili 
Colombia  (So.  America) 
Coverley  (Sir  Roger  de) 
Danzig  or  Dantzic 
Davy  (Sir  Humphry) 


34 


HANDBOOK  OF  STYLE 


Defoe  (Daniel) 

De  Quincey  (Thomas) 

Douglas  (Stephen  A.) 

Douglass  (Frederick) 

Dutchess  County  (N.  Y.) 

Easthampton  (Mass.) 

Eif el  River 

Eiffel  Tower 

Eliot  (George,  novelist) 

Eliot  (Charles  W.) 

Elliot  (Daniel  Giraud) 

Elliot  (George  Thompson) 

Elliot  (Henry  Rutherford) 

Elliott  (A.  Marshall) 

Elliott  (Jonathan) 

Elliott  (Maud  Howe) 

Elliott  (Maxine) 

Ericsson  (John) 

FSnelon 

Field  (Cyrus  W.) 

Field  (Eugene) 

Fielde  (Adele  Marion) 

Fields  (Annie  Adams) 

Fields  (James  T.) 

Fisk  (Herbert  Franklin) 

Fiske  (John) 

Fiske  (Minnie  Maddern) 

FitzGerald  (Edward) 

Ger6me 

Gray  (Thomas) 

Greeley  (Horace) 

Greely  (Major-General) 

Green  (J.  R.) 

Greene  (Robert) 

Grey  (Lady  Jane) 

Grey  (Earl) 

Harrison  (Frederic) 

Harte  (Francis  Bret) 

Hobbes  (John  Oliver) 

Hobbes  (Thomas) 

Humphrey  (Duke) 

Hutton  (Laurence) 

Istlilxochitl  (Mexican  historian) 

lyeyasu  (Japanese  statesman) 
ansen  (Cornelius,  theologian) 
anssen  (Cornelius,  painter) 
anssens  (Abraham,  painter) 
efferies  (Richard,  naturalist) 
efifrey  (Lord,  critic) 
effreys  (George,  Lord,  judge) 
effreys  (Miss  Ellis,  actress) 
effries  (Maud,  actress) 
ohannesburg  (S.  Africa) 
ohannisburg  (Prussia) 
ohns  Hopkins  University 
ohnston  (Albert  Sidney) 
ohnston  (Joseph  E.) 
ohnson  (Doctor  Samuel) 


Jonson  (Ben) 

Kamchatka 

Kaufmann  (Angelica,  painter) 

Kauffmann  (C.,  Russian  general) 

Kouropatkin  (Russian  general) 

Leipsic  or  Leipzig 

Lenox  Library 

Lenox  (Mass.) 

Lichfield  (England) 

Litchfield  (Connecticut) 

Livingston  (Chancellor) 

Livingstone  (David) 

Luxembourg  (Palace,  Gardens) 

Luxemburg  (Belgian  province); 

Magdalen  College  (Oxford) 

Magdalene  College  (Cambridge) 

Mitchell  (Donald  G.) 

Mitchill  (Samuel  L.)  . 

Morris  (Gouverneur) 

Newcastle  (Del.) 

New  Castle  (Ind.  and  N.  H.) 

Northampton  (Mass.) 

North  Hampton  (N.  H.) 

Nuremberg  or  Nurnberg 

Oliphant  (Laurence) 

Peking 

Philips  (Ambrose) 

Phillips  (Wendell) 

Procter  (Adelaide) 

Pyrenees 

Read  (Thomas  B.,  poet) 

Reade  (Charles,  novelist) 

Reed  (Thomas  B.,  statesman) 

Reid  (Thomas) 

Reid  (Whitelaw) 

Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 

Rhead  (Louis) 

Rheims 

Shakespeare  1 

Shakspeare 1 

Shakspere  1 

Shakespearean  or  Shaksperian 

Sidney  (Sir  Philip) 

Smith  (Sydney) 

Smithsonian  institution 

Southampton  (Eng.  and  Mass.) 

South  Hampton  (N.  H.) 

Spencer  (Herbert) 

Spenser  (Edmund) 

Stephens  (Alexander  H.) 

Stephens  (Ann  Sophia) 

Stephens  (John  Lloyd) 

Stephenson  (George,  engineer) 

Stephenson  (Isaac) 

Stephenson  (Robert,  English  engineer) 

Sterling  (John) 

Sterne  (Laurence) 

Stevens  (Abel) 


1  These  three  spellings  are  all  authorized,  and  whichever  one  the  copy  has 
used  consistently  may  be  followed.  The  first  is  the  form  preferred  by  The 
Riverside  Press.  Divide  Shake-speare,  Shak-speare,  or  Shak-spere. 


SPELLING 


35 


Stevens  (Benjamin  F.) 

Stevens  (Edwin  A.) 

Stevens  (Isaac  Ingalls) 

Stevens  (Robert  L.) 

Stevens  (Thaddeus) 

Stevenson  (Adlai  E.) 

Stevenson  (Robert,  Scotch  engineer) 

Stevenson  (Robert  Louis) 

Stewart  (A.  T.) 

Stewart  (Balfour) 

Stewart  (Admiral  Charles) 

Stewart  (Dugald) 

Stuart   (name  of    the  former  Royal 

Family  of  England) 
Stuart  (Gilbert) 
Stuart  (J.  E.  B.) 


Stuart  (John  M.) 

Stuart  (Moses) 

Thompson  (Benjamin) 

Thompson  (Sylvanus  P.) 

Thomson  (Elinu) 

Thomson  (James) 

Thomson  (Sir  Wm.,  Lord  Kelvin) 

Tolstoy  (Count  Leo) 

Wallace  (Alfred  Russel) 

Ward  (Mrs.  Humphry) 

Washburn  (Cadwallader  C.) 

Washburne  (Elihu  B.) 

Watt  (James) 

Watts  (Dr.  Isaac) 

Zurich 


LD21-100W-7,'39(402S) 


YC  9U552 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  lylBRARY 


